The Minority Group Patients Try To Avoid Being Associated

The minority group patients try to avoid being associated with doctors from the dominant groups. And this situation has been continuously increasing as a perceived solution to the discrimination experienced by minority groups. The problem with this is that physicians turned out to be more focused in one race practice that may affect other patients from different race (Nayer, Hadnott, and Venable 2010). However, there are researchers who found out that same-race discrimination also exists in the health care system. â€Å"If discrimination is likely to occur regardless of the race of the provider, then one cannot successfully avoid discrimination by seeking care from a same-race health care providers.† 12.6 percent of the respondents they studied†¦show more content†¦DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PHYSICIANS FROM RACIAL MINORITY With the existing discrimination in the system, it is not only seen in the consumers of health care services. There has been a long history of discrimination against physicians from minority groups. It also started with discrimination starting from getting into the medical school, while they are in medical school, looking for hospitals to practice, and getting approval from the peer review boards. Considering the freedom experienced by doctors in the US, doctors of minority groups are subjected to unfair treatment from a lot of situations (Harvard Law Review, 1995). It was also presented in the study of Penner et al (2009) that included two white physicians, one black and 16 East Asians, that because of the high perceived discrimination towards minority physicians, the reported satisfaction of the patients is lesser. In managed care, its main goal is to be able to monitor the cost, quality, and utilization of health services. This makes it possible to do since they require their consumers to only seek medical care from the approved providers under the system. 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Music Piracy And The Music Industry - 1833 Words

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Obligation and contracts outline (LAW101) free essay sample

Law – rule of conduct or action or observance set forth by the State, through the legislative Body (Congress) approved by the Chief Executive (President) to be observed by the Citizens. Example: Obligation to pay tax. Contract – meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give something or to render some service (Art. 1305). Quasi-contract – lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts give rise to the juridical relation (quasi-contract) to the end that â€Å"no one shall be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of another.† Negotiorum Gestio Solutio Indebiti other quasi-contracts Delict (Felony) – acts or omissions punishable under Act 3815, as amended, otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines. Quasi-Delict – Act or omission that causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence†¦ (Art. 2176, Civil Code) Article 1158. â€Å"Obligations derived from law are not presumed. Only those expressly determined in this Code (Civil Code) or in special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by the precepts of the law which establishes them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Article 1159. â€Å"Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be complied with in good faith.† Two Sources of Obligations In general, there are only two sources of contracts, namely: 1. Law [comprising law (Civil Code and other special laws), delict (under the Revised Penal Code), quasi-contract (chp 1, Title XVII of the Civil Code), and quasi-delict (chp 2, Title XVII of the Civil Code)] 2. Contract – agreement/s of two (or more) persons that comprise two parties. SUMMARY 1. Obligation is a legal responsibility of an obligor/debtor to give/do to/for the obligee/creditor something/some act that is lawful, in a lawful way and means. 2. Obligation arise from law, contract, quasi-contract, delict, and quasi-delict. But in general there are only two souces of Obligation: Law and Contract. Nature and Effect of Obligation Art. 1163. â€Å"Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care.† Diligence of a good father of a family – a care that a loving father, who is always mindful of what is good , would observe to ensure that nothing wrong will happen to his family under a given circumstance. Rights of Creditor Article 1164. â€Å"The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over it until the same has been delivered to him.† Fruit of the thing – anything that the â€Å"thing† (the object of the obligation) may â€Å"produce†. Kinds of â€Å"Fruits†: 1.Natural fruits – those that by its nature a thing may produce. e.g. crops, young of an animal, etc 2.Civil fruits – those not produced by nature, and that one is entitled to by legal rights. e.g. rent, interest, salary, wage, dividend, etc. Rights Over the Object of the Obligation 1.Personal right – right to demand from the obligor to deliver the object of the obligation. 2. Real right – right of an owner of a thing to hold the same against anybody in the world. Rights of creditor when the obligor incurred breach of obligation Article 1165. â€Å"When what is to be delivered is a determinate thing, the creditor, in addition to the right granted in Article 1170, may compel the debtor to make delivery.† â€Å"If the thing is indeterminate or generic, he may ask that the obligation be complied with at the expense of the debtor.† â€Å"If the obligor delays, or has promised to deliver the same thing to two or more persons who do not have the same interest, he shall be responsible for fortuitous event until he has effected the delivery.† Fortuitous events – events which could not be foreseen, or which, though foreseen, were inevitable (art. 1174) Kinds of â€Å"thing† Determinate thing – one which description is determined as not to mistake it for any other in its class (genus). Generic (indeterminate) thing – one which description conforms to all the others in the same class (genus); thus it can be any of those belonging in the same class. Article 1170, Civil Code â€Å"Those who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in any manner contravene the tenor thereof, are liable for damages.† Damage – indemnification in the form of money, decreed by competent court, to be delivered by one person for harm he caused to the person or property of another. Kinds of Breach of Obligation 1.Fraud (dolo)– malicious and intentional scheme to cause damage to another. 2.Negligence (culpa) – omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons, of the time and of the place (art. 1173). 3.Delay (mora)– situation wherein one fails to deliver or perform the object of obligation on time. 4. Contravention of tenor of the obligation – performing the obligation contrary to, or not in accordance with, what is agreed upon by the parties. Kinds of Fraud 1. Causal Fraud – scheme employed in order to cause the other to enter into a contract from which the obligation arise. 2. Incidental Fraud – malicious scheme carried out in the performance of an obligation. Effect of Fraud to an Obligation Causal fraud:obligation is void from the very beginning (void ab initio) because the contract from which they arise is not valid. Incidental fraud: the obligation is rescindable. The contract from which the obligation arises is valid. The innocent party is the one who has the right to rescind. Rescind – cancel; Rescission – cancellation; Rescindable cancellable Kinds of Negligence 1. Simple (ordinary) negligence – lack of foresight, lack of skill, without bad faith or not conscious of any harm or damage as consequence of an act. 2. Wanton negligence – with bad faith or conscious of any harm or damage as consequence of an act. Kinds of Delay (Mora) 1.Mora solvendi – delay of the obligor/debtor to perform his obligation. *ex re – the obligation is to â€Å"give† *ex persona – the obligation is to â€Å"do† 2.Mora accipiendi – delay of the obligee/creditor to accept delivery of the object. 3. Compensatio morae – delay of both parties in reciprocal obligation. Obligations of Obligor Art. 1166. â€Å"The obligation to deliver a determinate thing includes that of delivering all its accessions and accessories, even though they may not have been mentioned.† Art. 1167. â€Å"If a person obliged to do something fails to do it, the same shall be executed at his cost.† â€Å"The same rule shall be observed if he does it in contravention of the tenor of the obligation. Furthermore, it may be decreed that what has been poorly done be undone.† Art. 1168. When the obligation consists in not doing, and the obligor does what has been forbidden him, it shall also be undone at his expense. Incurring Delay Art. 1169. â€Å"Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of their obligation.† General Rule: NO DEMAND, NO DELAY. Exceptions to the General Rule â€Å"The demand by the creditor shall not be necessary in order that delay may exist: ‘1. When the obligation or the law expressly so declares; or’ ‘2. When from the nature and the circumstances of the obligation it appears that the designation of the time when the thing is to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a controlling motive for the establishment of the contract; or’ ‘3. When demand would be useless, as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform.’ Delay in Reciprocal Obligation ‘In reciprocal obligations, neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. From the moment one of the parties fulfill his obligation, delay by the other begins.’† Kinds of Demand: 1. Judicial demand – by filing a suit in court. 2. Extrajudicial demand – done by other means (usually through a demand letter) other than by filing a suit in court. Demandability of Responsibility (to pay damges) Art. 1171. â€Å"Responsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations. Any waiver of an action for future fraud is void.† waiver – to expressly give up one’s legal right, and not to pursue the same in a certain circumstance. Art. 1172. â€Å"Responsibility arising from negligence in the performance of every kind of obligation is also demandable, but such liability may be regulated by the courts, according to the circumstance.† Art. 1173 (2nd par.). â€Å"If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance, that which is expected of a good father of a family shall be required.† Art. 1174. â€Å"Except in cases expressly specified by the law, or when it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which, could not be foreseen, or which, though foreseen, were inevitable.† Presumptions of Payment Art. 1176. â€Å"The receipt of the principal by the creditor, without reservation with respect to the interest, shall give rise to the presumption that said interest has been paid.

Religion Islam

Table of Contents Islam belief Islamic banking system Conclusion Works Cited Religion is defined as an institutional system of belief of superhuman power or powers; that are believed to have control over humanity: there are a number of religions existing in the world with Christianity and Muslims as the most dominant. This paper discusses the Islam religion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion: Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islam belief According to religion survey conducted in 2009, the religion has a total number of 1,571,198,000, people; this represented 22.9% of the world population. In the last couple of years, Muslims have been associated with a number of negative perceptions; because of what some other Muslims have done, terror attacks in different parts of the world has been blamed on Islam religion in what is referred to as holy war; these terror attacks have made people hold different opinions towards the religion. For example in the story, The Alchemist , section one the writer says, â€Å"When Santiago first travels to Africa, and the reader sees his vaguely skeptical attitude toward the Muslims he meets. While in the bar, he hears the call to prayer and watches the Muslims prostrate themselves on the ground† (Coelho 1), when they are praying they are facing Mecca where they believe their God stays. It is the fastest growing religion with and the second largest religion in the world. Muslims tried a lot to change the bad image of Islam, but with no benefit. Islam has many concepts and people have different thoughts about it. Islam is Arabic word, which means â€Å"peace.† Muslims believe that Islam came from God and the prophet Mohammad is the last prophet; in the religion, there is a lot of emphasis on the meaning the religion, this portrays the religion as a religion that has its strong holds in peace development. Just like the religion of Chris tianity put more emphasis on love. Prophet Muhammad, who is the main character in the religion in his works, put more emphasis on mercy. He was the last and greatest of God’s messengers, who were mandated to continue the works of Abraham, Jesus and Mosses. He preached to people to have mercy on each other. He did emphasize on the need of mercy to the less fortunate in the society. This goes in line with the strong holds of the religion, peace. The religion call their God Allah, this means God, the true God. The character of the lord is that of peace and mercy. In the article by Abd-Allah Umar Faruq called, One God, Many Names page two, the writer notes that â€Å"For Muslims, All ¥h is the most inclusive of God’s names, embracing all his other names and attributes.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In accordance with conventional Arabic usage, All ¥h can be a pplied only to the Creator and cannot be assigned to any other being, angelic, human, animate or inanimate, real or imaginary† (Abd-Allah, 2), this implies that Allah is a holy name that need to be respected. The article recognizes Allah as the primary name of God. It tends to illustrate that the name of the lord illustrates who he is and defines the religion, he is seen as the peaceful one and one who is merciful. The name of God in either the Muslim or other religion is respected. In the article, by Abd-Allah Umar Faruq called, One God, Many Names, finds that the ideology that either Christianity or Muslim derived the name was the same or similar. This is in that the Biblical Elohà ®m (God) and h ¥-Elà ´h (the true God) of Moses and the Hebrew prophets or the Aramaic Al ¥h ¥ (God, the true God) of Jesus and John the Baptist the recognition of the supremacy of the lord is recognized. From the spirit of the article then it can be derived that the God that either the Mu slim or the Christianity worship is the same. The article emphasis on living ethically like the life is of the early prophets of God. The word name is seen as the most beautiful name in the two articles. The prophet Mohammad was told the Quran by Gabriel. Quran is Islam holy book. Muslims follow what is written in the Quran and they believe in it. Four kinds of Muslims that are Sony, Shah, Sofuh and Whabies, All kind of Muslims are almost the same with no big different. People have different thoughts about Islam. There are two kinds of thoughts about Islam. Firstly, the kind of people who have a background about Islam, and know the concepts of Islam; they understand that all Muslims are not the same. In addition, they know terrorists are not real Muslims and they do not follow the concepts of Islam. Secondly, the kind of people who have negative ideas about Islam; those people think that Islam is the religion of terrorists. The problem is they do not know anything about Islam; they just believe what media will say. Because of the media, many people got negative thoughts about. I believe Islam is a religion of peace, justice and tolerance. Islam is the only religion that believes in other religions. As God said in the holy Quran, Muslims should believe in other religions that came from God such as Judaism and Christianity. In addition, Muslims should believe in all other prophets who are sent by God like Abraham, Jesus, and Moses. Because of the order of God, Muslims cannot fight or kill other people even if they are not Muslims. God sent the prophet Mohammad with Islam to complete the monotheistic religions (Abd-Allah, Umar Faruq 1-10). In the books, The Alchemist, the superiority of men over women as it is perceived in the Islam religion is shown when Santiago dreams, pursues Fatima, the religion has the belief that marriage should be respected and it is holly. The man is seen as the one who should initiate the relationship and the women follows.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion: Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A woman is not supposed to show directly that she is in love with a man. In section five, the writer says, â€Å"Fatima, Santiago’s love interest, tells him that she would rather him achieve his Personal Legend than stay by her side. Her reasoning is that she loves Santiago and therefore must love his dreams as well† (Coelho, 5). This shows how love is valued in the religion. Islamic banking system Lately the world is experiencing a rapid growth of Islamic banking alongside with the conventional banking. This tread has made some countries to amend their banking to accommodate the increasing tread. Islamic banking operates slightly different from the conventional banking and an in-depth understanding of its operations is required. Islamic banking is a mode of banking like any other conventional banking systems however it activities are governed by Islamic laws. The Islamic laws are called Shariah and the banking operates according to Islamic laws of transactions called Fiqh al-muamalat. Firstly, what the sharia provides is banking services without the payment or acceptance of interests from its customers or to the bank. The interest is referred to as Riba. Interest in conventional banking can be seen from two angles, one, the interest paid on savings by the bank to the customer and the interest paid by a customer when he has been financed by the bank. The theory of the interest is that the customer has allowed the bank to use his money and thus need to be compensated, the rate is agreed on when the contract is made or the bank has a set rate that always is applicable. The banks provide the two services but does not charge or pay interest. The question is how does the bank make profits? How does it attract savings? In addition, how does the customer benefit? We will examine that later. Secondly, it prohibits a ny financing or even involving in any illegitimate business activities. The holy book called Quran prohibits this. some businesses that are directly prohibited by the sheria laws not to be engaged in by one who practices the Muslim faith, a good example on this is selling of pork and its products the banking system cannot deal with a person who engages into the business. Another form is what is called games of chances, this include gambling and betting. It does not finance. Lastly, the sheria prohibits financing of high risk businesses with high uncertainty. Another question that comes into our minds is whether the customers are only Muslims faith practitioner, that was the idea however since the business want to attract more resources in terms of saving and the benefits of lending. It opens its doors to other faith holders to have accounts with them on the condition that they will be fully compliant with the sheria laws governing banking. For advises mostly on the following of the law there are numerous firms offering the service under Shariah advisory councils. This paper gives an in-depth analysis of Islamic banking starting with a brief history of it emergence, it will also expand on some of the products that are available in the system and in line with that it will be comparing it with the conventional banking system.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, people have different believes and thoughts; some believe in God and some do not. The most important thing is ethics and the personalities of people. Many people are looking for peace like Muslims, but they do not know how. The world should try to accept Islam like any other religion. On page seven, Abd-Allah notes that â€Å"Arabic prayer formulas and recitation of the Qur’an. For us, All ¥h has a direct emotional and spiritual efficacy which no other word for God can replace†, this implies that the religion is a religion of peace (Munir 34-45). Conclusion Different people hold varying perceptions and attitudes towards Islam religion: some believe that the religion is responsible for terrorism attacks experienced in the world while others believe it is a religion of peace. Prophet Mohammad is believed to be the founder of the religion: Muslims belief that Islam is a religion of mercy and love. Works Cited Abd-Allah, Umar Faruq. One God, Many Names. 20 11. Web. Coelho, Paulo. The Alchemist (Coelho) Summary and Analysis. 2011. Web. Munir, Ahmed. Islamic Banking: A Success Story.† Economic Review 35.4 (2004) : 34-45. Web. This essay on Religion: Islam was written and submitted by user Hugo M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.